RESUMO
Since 2005, the Pathogen-Host Interactions Database (PHI-base) has manually curated experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from fungal, bacterial and protist pathogens, which infect animal, plant, fish, insect and/or fungal hosts. PHI-base (www.phi-base.org) is devoted to the identification and presentation of phenotype information on pathogenicity and effector genes and their host interactions. Specific gene alterations that did not alter the in host interaction phenotype are also presented. PHI-base is invaluable for comparative analyses and for the discovery of candidate targets in medically and agronomically important species for intervention. Version 4.12 (September 2021) contains 4387 references, and provides information on 8411 genes from 279 pathogens, tested on 228 hosts in 18, 190 interactions. This provides a 24% increase in gene content since Version 4.8 (September 2019). Bacterial and fungal pathogens represent the majority of the interaction data, with a 54:46 split of entries, whilst protists, protozoa, nematodes and insects represent 3.6% of entries. Host species consist of approximately 54% plants and 46% others of medical, veterinary and/or environmental importance. PHI-base data is disseminated to UniProtKB, FungiDB and Ensembl Genomes. PHI-base will migrate to a new gene-centric version (version 5.0) in early 2022. This major development is briefly described.
Assuntos
Bases de Dados Factuais , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Fenótipo , Interface Usuário-Computador , Animais , Apicomplexa/classificação , Apicomplexa/genética , Apicomplexa/patogenicidade , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Diplomonadida/classificação , Diplomonadida/genética , Diplomonadida/patogenicidade , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/patogenicidade , Insetos/classificação , Insetos/genética , Insetos/patogenicidade , Internet , Nematoides/classificação , Nematoides/genética , Nematoides/patogenicidade , Filogenia , Plantas/microbiologia , Plantas/parasitologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
PURPOSE: In our personal experience, headache is a frequent complaint in Persons with epilepsy (PWE) receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), carbamazepine (CBZ) in particular. There is hardly any systematic study on AEDs-associated headache. We assessed the association of new-onset interictal headache in PWE with CBZ compared with other AEDs and factors associated with it. METHODS: Two thousand PWE on AEDs were screened, and 165 persons having new-onset interictal headache were identified. Eight persons were excluded because of comorbid illnesses that could potentially contribute to a headache. Finally, 157 were recruited for the study. One hundred fifty-seven age- and sex-matched PWE on AEDs, without headache, were recruited as controls. Headache questionnaire based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) criteria was used. Demographic factors, seizure characteristics, type and dose of AEDs, findings on electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computerized tomography (CT) were recorded. RESULTS: Among PWE with headache, the majority [88 (56.1%)] were on CBZ compared with other AEDs but not significantly different from controls. In 71 (45%) persons, the headache had migrainous character. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, lower seizure frequency and fewer EEG abnormalities were found to be independent predictors of headache. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset interictal headache is a significant issue in PWE; nonmigrainous headache is more common than the migrainous type. Carbamazepine was not found to have any predilection for new-onset interictal headache compared with other AEDs. A lower frequency of seizures and EEG abnormalities in PWE with headache may suggest that seizures contribute less to the development of headache and may further support the hypothesis that AEDs may be significant contributing factors for the headache.
